Let’s define some vectors which can be used for demonstrations:
manyNumbers <- sample( 1:1000, 20 )
manyNumbers
[1] 294 507 756 861 986 461 8 826 597 365 240 256 517 157 471 795 871 403 982 868
manyNumbersWithNA <- sample( c( NA, NA, NA, manyNumbers ) )
manyNumbersWithNA
[1] 795 471 256 403 756 294 982 240 871 986 517 861 NA 157 NA 8 NA 461 507 826 365 868 597
duplicatedNumbers <- sample( 1:5, 10, replace = TRUE )
duplicatedNumbers
[1] 5 5 4 3 4 5 2 5 3 5
letters
[1] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f" "g" "h" "i" "j" "k" "l" "m" "n" "o" "p" "q" "r" "s" "t" "u" "v" "w" "x" "y" "z"
LETTERS
[1] "A" "B" "C" "D" "E" "F" "G" "H" "I" "J" "K" "L" "M" "N" "O" "P" "Q" "R" "S" "T" "U" "V" "W" "X" "Y" "Z"
mixedLetters <- c( sample( letters, 5 ), sample( LETTERS, 5 ) )
mixedLetters
[1] "u" "s" "n" "k" "z" "B" "W" "Q" "U" "A"
manyNumbersWithNA instead of manyNumbers.all( manyNumbers <= 1000 )
[1] TRUE
all( manyNumbers <= 500 )
[1] FALSE
any( manyNumbers > 1000 )
[1] FALSE
any( manyNumbers > 500 )
[1] TRUE
all( !is.na( manyNumbers ) )
[1] TRUE
any( is.na( manyNumbers ) )
[1] FALSE
Input: logical vector Output: vector of numbers (positions)
which( manyNumbers > 900 )
[1] 5 19
which( manyNumbersWithNA > 900 )
[1] 7 10
which( is.na( manyNumbersWithNA ) )
[1] 13 15 17
manyNumbers[ manyNumbers > 900 ] # indexing by logical vector
[1] 986 982
manyNumbers[ which( manyNumbers > 900 ) ] # indexing by positions
[1] 986 982
somePositions <- which( manyNumbers > 900 )
manyNumbers[ somePositions ]
[1] 986 982
"A" %in% LETTERS
[1] TRUE
c( "X", "Y", "Z" ) %in% LETTERS
[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE
all( c( "X", "Y", "Z" ) %in% LETTERS )
[1] TRUE
all( mixedLetters %in% LETTERS )
[1] FALSE
any( mixedLetters %in% LETTERS )
[1] TRUE
mixedLetters[ mixedLetters %in% LETTERS ]
[1] "B" "W" "Q" "U" "A"
mixedLetters[ !( mixedLetters %in% LETTERS ) ]
[1] "u" "s" "n" "k" "z"
manyNumbers %in% 300:600
[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE
[18] TRUE FALSE FALSE
which( manyNumbers %in% 300:600 )
[1] 2 6 9 10 13 15 18
sum( manyNumbers %in% 300:600 )
[1] 7
NAsif_else( manyNumbersWithNA >= 500, "large", "small" )
[1] "large" "small" "small" "small" "large" "small" "large" "small" "large" "large" "large" "large" NA
[14] "small" NA "small" NA "small" "large" "large" "small" "large" "large"
if_else( manyNumbersWithNA >= 500, "large", "small", "UNKNOWN" )
[1] "large" "small" "small" "small" "large" "small" "large" "small" "large" "large"
[11] "large" "large" "UNKNOWN" "small" "UNKNOWN" "small" "UNKNOWN" "small" "large" "large"
[21] "small" "large" "large"
# here integer 0L is needed instead of real 0.0
# manyNumbersWithNA contains integer numbers and the method complains
if_else( manyNumbersWithNA >= 500, manyNumbersWithNA, 0L )
[1] 795 0 0 0 756 0 982 0 871 986 517 861 NA 0 NA 0 NA 0 507 826 0 868 597
unique( duplicatedNumbers )
[1] 5 4 3 2
unique( c( NA, duplicatedNumbers, NA ) )
[1] NA 5 4 3 2
duplicated( duplicatedNumbers )
[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE
which.max( manyNumbersWithNA )
[1] 10
manyNumbersWithNA[ which.max( manyNumbersWithNA ) ]
[1] 986
which.min( manyNumbersWithNA )
[1] 16
manyNumbersWithNA[ which.min( manyNumbersWithNA ) ]
[1] 8
range( manyNumbersWithNA, na.rm = TRUE )
[1] 8 986
manyNumbersWithNA
[1] 795 471 256 403 756 294 982 240 871 986 517 861 NA 157 NA 8 NA 461 507 826 365 868 597
sort( manyNumbersWithNA )
[1] 8 157 240 256 294 365 403 461 471 507 517 597 756 795 826 861 868 871 982 986
sort( manyNumbersWithNA, na.last = TRUE )
[1] 8 157 240 256 294 365 403 461 471 507 517 597 756 795 826 861 868 871 982 986 NA NA NA
sort( manyNumbersWithNA, na.last = TRUE, decreasing = TRUE )
[1] 986 982 871 868 861 826 795 756 597 517 507 471 461 403 365 294 256 240 157 8 NA NA NA
manyNumbersWithNA[1:5]
[1] 795 471 256 403 756
order( manyNumbersWithNA[1:5] )
[1] 3 4 2 5 1
rank( manyNumbersWithNA[1:5] )
[1] 5 3 1 2 4
sort( mixedLetters )
[1] "A" "B" "k" "n" "Q" "s" "u" "U" "W" "z"
manyDuplicates <- sample( 10:15, 10, replace = TRUE )
rank( manyDuplicates )
[1] 4.5 6.5 8.0 9.5 2.0 6.5 4.5 2.0 9.5 2.0
rank( manyDuplicates, ties.method = "min" )
[1] 4 6 8 9 1 6 4 1 9 1
rank( manyDuplicates, ties.method = "random" )
[1] 4 7 8 9 2 6 5 1 10 3
v <- c( -1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 1, rnorm( 10 ) )
v
[1] -1.00000000 -0.50000000 0.00000000 0.50000000 1.00000000 -0.41755004 0.42357074 -0.05794781
[9] -0.31518870 0.79171579 1.32086709 0.03595770 -0.34807456 -0.85789025 0.23201075
round( v, 0 )
[1] -1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 -1 0
round( v, 1 )
[1] -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 -0.4 0.4 -0.1 -0.3 0.8 1.3 0.0 -0.3 -0.9 0.2
round( v, 2 )
[1] -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 -0.42 0.42 -0.06 -0.32 0.79 1.32 0.04 -0.35 -0.86 0.23
floor( v )
[1] -1 -1 0 0 1 -1 0 -1 -1 0 1 0 -1 -1 0
ceiling( v )
[1] -1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 1
heights <- c( Amy = 166, Eve = 170, Bob = 177 )
heights
Amy Eve Bob
166 170 177
names( heights )
[1] "Amy" "Eve" "Bob"
names( heights ) <- c( "AMY", "EVE", "BOB" )
heights
AMY EVE BOB
166 170 177
heights[[ "EVE" ]]
[1] 170
expand_grid( x = c( 1:3, NA ), y = c( "a", "b" ) )
# A tibble: 8 x 2
x y
<int> <chr>
1 1 a
2 1 b
3 2 a
4 2 b
5 3 a
6 3 b
7 NA a
8 NA b
combn( c( "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" ), m = 2, simplify = TRUE )
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10]
[1,] "a" "a" "a" "a" "b" "b" "b" "c" "c" "d"
[2,] "b" "c" "d" "e" "c" "d" "e" "d" "e" "e"
combn( c( "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" ), m = 3, simplify = TRUE )
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10]
[1,] "a" "a" "a" "a" "a" "a" "b" "b" "b" "c"
[2,] "b" "b" "b" "c" "c" "d" "c" "c" "d" "d"
[3,] "c" "d" "e" "d" "e" "e" "d" "e" "e" "e"
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